Cloud Security and Privacy: A Systematic Review of Threats, Solutions, and Future Direction

Abstract

The protection of data saved, transferred, and processed in cloud settings has become a significant concern as cloud computing becomes the foundation of today's digital infrastructure. Cloud systems' multi-tenant design can be complicated, and standard security models may not take these factors into account. The current state of cloud security and privacy is thoroughly examined in this assessment, with data breaches, unsafe APIs, and violations of regulatory compliance being the most important issues. Covered are the primary methods of mitigation, such as secure key management, data encryption while in transit and at rest, and intrusion detection systems for real-time threat monitoring. The paper also speaks on the use of the latest privacy-preserving technologies like homomorphic encryption and biometric cryptosystems to preserve confidentiality and not reporting functionality. The risks and consequences of multi-tenancy and compliance are also discussed to determine the effects of shared infrastructures on data isolation and governance. With more enterprises moving workloads to the cloud, it is crucial to safeguard the data of the enterprise which includes its confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This review will provide an in-depth insight into the current security issues, research gaps, and future research trends in terms of adaptive security frameworks, standardization of security protocols, and integration of privacy-enhancing technologies towards fostering trustworthy and resilient cloud adoption.